A classically trained journalist, Caroline Tanner covers news and travel for TPG. She is a dual-journalism graduate of Mizzou and Northwestern.
Senior editorial directorNick Ewen is TPG's senior editorial director and helps readers leverage credit cards (he has 23 of them) and loyalty programs to travel more for less. He's been at TPG for over 11 years.
Dec. 04, 2023 13 min read
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It's been nearly 18 months since the Credit Card Competition Act first came on the scene, and its proponents in Congress have tried a variety of tactics to push it through. Most recently, lawmakers threatened to thwart the fiscal year 2024 spending bill if it wasn't included, though thankfully efforts to advance the bill appear to have stalled for 2023.
Consequently, we expect advocates to continue to push this proposed legislation next year.
Given that it has the potential to significantly negatively alter, if not completely eliminate, the world of credit card rewards that we know today, TPG stands firmly against this bill that could hurt consumers' ability to collect (and redeem) points and miles toward travel or earn cash back that can offset some of your everyday spending.
At TPG, we teach our community how to maximize their rewards to earn as many as 3 points per dollar when dining out, 4 points per dollar on groceries and 5 points per dollar when booking airfare.
Leveraging these rewards and the perks on popular credit cards gives you the ability to travel more frequently — or in greater comfort — and discover the world. It can also mean more cash in your pocket, a better airport experience and the benefit of purchase protections that don't exist with other payment methods.
This could all change with this bill.
To help answer your questions about the proposed piece of legislation, we've put together this primer that outlines what the bill would do and how it would potentially affect travelers and your hard-earned rewards.
Sens. Roger Marshall, R-Kan. and Richard Durbin, D-Ill. introduced the Credit Card Competition Act in 2022, and they later attempted to include it as an amendment to the 2022 National Defense Authorization Act, neither of which gained much traction.
Daily Newsletter Reward your inbox with the TPG Daily newsletter Join over 700,000 readers for breaking news, in-depth guides and exclusive deals from TPG’s expertsOn June 7, 2023, Marshall and Durbin reintroduced the bill at a press conference with largely the same structure, with support from Sens. Peter Welch, D-Vt., and J.D. Vance, R-Ohio, as well as Reps. Lance Gooden, R-Texas, and Zoe Lofgren, D-Calif.
As its name implies, the proposed legislation aims to inject more competition into the credit card industry to lower the fees merchants pay when shoppers swipe their credit cards.
If enacted, the law would amend the Electronic Fund Transfer Act to require credit card-issuing banks to offer a minimum of two networks for merchants processing electronic credit card transactions. It would prohibit Visa and Mastercard from being those with the largest market share of cards today.
Interchange fees, also known as swipe fees, are a primary revenue driver among credit card companies, which set fees for merchants in exchange for consumers being able to use credit cards at their establishments. Merchants are charged each time a consumer makes a purchase with a card; the exact amount varies based on the type of card, type of transaction and other elements.
For example, if you go out to eat and use your credit card to pay the $100 bill, a merchant may incur a fee of 3% — which translates to $3 of the $100 purchase. This is a key reason why some merchants have begun adding surcharges for those who don't pay in cash.
Overall, this totaled approximately $160 billion in card processing fees last year, per a Nilson Report.
However, this amount has largely remained flat, hovering around 2%, in recent years as a percentage of transaction volume. Based on Nilson data from 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022, here's how this rate changed across all transactions processed on credit cards and private-label cards (those tied to a specific retailer and not usable at other merchants):
In other words, a merchant who processes $100,000 per year in credit card transactions paid (on average) just $5 more in 2022 than in 2019.
This legislation builds on previous efforts to curb transaction fees imposed on merchants, including a Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act provision mandating merchants have at least two unaffiliated debit card networks when routing transactions.
Dodd-Frank also included an amendment added to the bill, establishing a fixed fee on debit card transaction processing known as the Durbin Amendment. Prior to that, the fee was based on a percentage of the total transaction. Consequently, that ended up severely limiting the rewards banks offered for debit card purchases, effectively ending most debit card perks for consumers.
The bill's authors claim the proposed legislation will improve competition within credit card exchanges, as Visa and Mastercard account for a large proportion of general-purpose credit cards.
They also say their bill would help reduce swipe fees while decreasing costs for both merchants and customers.
It's unclear, but evidence from the debit card regulations introduced in 2011 shows mixed results.
The Durbin Amendment clearly lowered costs for merchants, as banks subject to the new cap on debit card interchange rates saw a drop in revenue of $6.5 billion annually, per a University of Pennsylvania study. However, this same study noted that, rather than absorbing this drop in revenue, banks offset the loss entirely by raising other account fees.
Specifically, it found the Durbin Amendment responsible for:
The study noted that these fees are "disproportionately borne by low-income consumers whose account balances do not meet the monthly minimum required for these fees to be waived."
This same shift was highlighted in an article published by George Mason University, which noted that the regulation increased the unbanked population in the U.S. by nearly 1 million individuals, primarily among lower-income consumers. It estimated that the Durbin Amendment would lead to "a transfer of $1 billion to $3 billion annually from low-income households to large retailers and their shareholders."
Lastly, a 2015 Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond economic survey found little evidence that merchants passed along their cost savings to consumers. Most respondents (77.2%) indicated they kept prices the same in the wake of the new rules, while a sizable portion (21.6%) actually increased prices. Only 1.2% passed on lower prices to customers.
"With the Durbin Amendment, the cost-savings went to bottom lines of shareholders and retailers, not consumers," said TPG founder Brian Kelly.
If history is any guide, this bill could have a massive impact on the rewards ecosystem — including those associated with banks and popular airline and hotel programs that rely on their cobranded card partners as a key source of revenue.
"The unintended consequence of the Durbin Amendment was boxing out rewards for lower-income and subprime cardholders," said Kelly. "It killed debit card rewards across America."
If this bill is applied to credit cards in the same way the Durbin Amendment was to debit cards, credit card companies could significantly scale back (or discontinue) rewards programs due to decreased revenue from interchange fees.
Since implementing the Durbin Amendment in 2011, card issuers have lost $106 billion in swipe fees from debit card transactions, according to an analysis from the Electronic Payments Coalition. Another study by the International Center for Law & Economics estimated that the cap on interchange fees for debit transactions hit large banks' annual revenues to the tune of $6.6 to $8 billion. The loss in revenue directly contributed to reducing free checking accounts and rewards programs.
In fact, half of debit card issuers regulated by the cap ended their rewards programs in 2011, according to a 2012 study conducted by Pulse and cited by the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.
"This bill would take away rewards from consumers since credit card companies would no longer have the ability to fund the programs and the perks we've all grown accustomed to, taking the value away from consumers and putting it in the pockets of retailers," noted Kelly.
The largest beneficiaries of the legislation would be merchants. By requiring banks to offer a second option for processing a given credit card transaction, merchants could opt for the lower-priced network — thus lowering the out-of-pocket cost of said transaction.
"Competition will result in lower fees, which have increasingly cut into the razor-thin profit margins of small businesses," Jeff Brabant, senior manager of federal government relations at the National Federation of Independent Business, said in a statement. "NFIB appreciates … this important legislation, which aims to inject competition by allowing small businesses the freedom to choose between multiple credit card processing networks."
It's not just small, local businesses pushing for this change. Large, big-box stores stand to gain the most.
Big box retailers, including Target and Walmart, support this bill.
Conversely, many groups strongly oppose the bill, including the Electronic Payments Coalition, a group representing credit unions, community banks, payment card networks and other banking institutions involved in the electronic payment process. It released a statement on behalf of it and seven other trade associations representing the financial services industry.
"This legislation hurts consumers by increasing costs, weakening payment security, harming financial institutions, reducing access to credit for those who need it the most and ending popular credit card rewards programs," this statement read, in part.
The bill could also lead to higher fees for various other banking products like checking accounts — another byproduct of the Durbin Amendment, as noted previously.
Lower interchange fees would directly affect the bottom lines of banks; banks use this revenue to enhance their services and security while simultaneously passing some of it onto consumers through rewards. Ironically, this could hurt those who've never held a credit card.
"Marginalized communities will pay the price … when credit card companies attempt to protect their bottom lines," said Brett Buckner, managing director at OneMN.org, a public policy advocacy group focused on racial, social and economic equity. "Banks issuing credit cards will now begin raising interest rates, fees and credit standards in order to save money and restrict access to those deemed a credit risk. Sadly, the burden will fall heaviest on those who can afford it the least."
Many who use rewards programs are upper-income spenders without any balance to carry over and, therefore, no interest to pay. However, low-income credit card spenders are disproportionately affected by higher interest rates, fees and credit standards.
Cobranded credit cards, including those that offer rewards in specific loyalty programs, are also potentially at stake. This warning came from industry groups, including Airlines for America — a trade group representing major North American airlines, including United Airlines, American Airlines and Delta Air Lines.
"This legislation would also unnecessarily increase the annual fees associated with participating in these programs or otherwise harm our ability to reward our most enthusiastic customers' loyalty," A4A said in a letter to Congress on Oct. 11, 2022. "We are also concerned that the legislation will reward networks who invest the least in technological innovation and fraud protection — putting our valued customers' financial security at risk."
Since then, the group launched a campaign, Protect Our Points, highlighting the negative impacts this legislation could have on the millions of consumers who carry cobranded airline cards.
"This proposed mandate would eliminate a consumer's choice over which network their transactions are routed, allowing retailers to choose to process transactions over a second, different network — not necessarily the trusted network selected by the consumer," they say. "What's worse is that merchants wouldn't have to pass on to consumers any savings from choosing a different discount network, but rewards programs would likely be eliminated."
